demand for 对……的要求 go to law against [俗] 控告某人 go along with 和……一起 shy away from 1.躲开，回避；2.赞成 learn by rote 由熟记而学某事 disagree about 对……意见不一
二、重点短语（完整版 共4页） Unit 1-A 1．course of action行动步骤，办事程序，做事方案 what is the best course of action we can take?我们采取什么办法最好? Your best course of action is to forget about the whole unfortunate matter．你最好的方法是忘掉这一切不幸。 2．in the way挡路，阻碍，妨碍 I’m afraid your car is in the way．看来你的汽车挡着道了。 I left them alone．as I felt I was in the way．我觉得自己碍他们的事，就走了。 3．to make a guess at对……进行猜测 Make a guess at an answer，please!请猜一下答案! If I might make a guess(at her age)，I’d say she was about 30．要让我猜(她年龄)的话，我看她大概三十岁。 4．to blind sb to sth使某人看不到某物，使某人对某物丧失判断力 His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties．他急于做事的愿望让他对困难一无所知。 Her lore for him blinded her to his faults．她非常爱他，这让她对他的缺点丧失了判断力。 5．to contribute to sth 1)促成，导致 Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗? Carelessness contributed to his errors．粗心大意造成了他的错误。2)有助于，增添 Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject．她的著作非常有助于我们对这个难题的了解。 We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem．我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。，3)捐助，捐赠，贡献 to contribute aid to refugees／contribute to the Red Cross 向难民提供援助／捐助红十字会 Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it．人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。4)撰稿，投稿 She has contributed to literary magazines．她给几家文学刊物投了稿。 6．a state of affairs情况，局势 What a shocking state of affairs!局势真惊人哪! That was the state of affairs before the election．选举前的情况就是那样。 7．to seek to do sth设法做某事 They are seeking to mislead．他们竭力进行误导。 They sought to bring their conflict to an end．他们试图结束冲突。 8．the scheme of things事物的规律，安排 In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to succeed．一般来说(按事物的规律)，小本生意难做。 9．in part部分地；在某种程度上 His success was due in part to luck．在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。 We’re losing money--in part because，with our ancient computers，we can’t stay competitive．我们在赔钱--在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。 10．vary from…to…从……变为……；在……与……之间变化 Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression．她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。 These fish vary in weight from 31b to 5lb．这些鱼的重量从三磅到五磅不等。
Unit 1-B 1．to apply for申请，请求 to apply for a job／post／passport／visa／scholarship 申请工作／职位／护照／签证／奖学金 to apply to the publishers for the permission to reprint an extract 向出版者请求准予转印节录 2．day-to-day 1)日常的，每日常规工作的 She has been looking after the day--to．day administration．她一直做日常的管理工作。2)逐日的 I have organized the cleaning on a day-to--day basis，until the usual cleaner returns．我已经安排了清洁工回来前的逐日清洁工作。 3．to have no idea不知道；无能力 He has no idea how to manage people．他根本不知道如何做人事工作。 You have no idea how worried I was!你根本不知道我有多么担心！ 4．to take the trouble to do sth费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 Decent journalists should take the trouble to check the facts．责任心强的新闻工作者应该不厌其烦地核实报导内容。 Nobody took the trouble to comfort the angry woman．没有人费力去劝劝那位愤怒的女人， 5．to put oneself in sb’s place设身处地替某人着想 If you put yourself in my place．you would understand it．设身处地替我想一下，你就会理解的。 cf．in sb’s place处于某人的境地 What would you do in my place?你要是我会怎样做? In her place I’d sell the lot．我要是她的话就全部卖掉。 6．to one’s advantage对某人有利，对某人有帮助 You will find it to your advantage to learn some German before you visit Switzerland．你会发现去瑞士前学一点德语将对你有好处。 It would be to our mutual advantage to continue the training centre．把培训中心继续办下去对我们双方都有好处。 cf．to one’s disadvantage对某人不利，有损某人的声誉 It would be to your disadvantage to invest in the project．在这个工程上投资对你会十分不利。 Have you heard of the turnouts to his disadvantage?你听说那些对他不利的谣言了吗? 7．at a disadvantage处于不利地位 His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage．他不会说英语，这使他很吃亏。 They are working at a great disadvantage．他们正在非常不利的情况下工作。 8．to ask for要求，请求 Did you ask(your boss)for a pay increase?你请求(老板)加薪了吗? Driving after drinking alcohol is asking for trouble．酒后开车是自讨苦吃。 9．in hand 1)在手中(持有)；在手头(随时可用) I still have some money in hand．我手头还有些钱。2)在控制下 We have the situation well in hand．我们完全控制住了局面。3)正在办理、处理之中 The work is in hand and will soon be completed．这项工作正在进行之中，不久即可完成。 10．to make sure(of／that)1)弄清楚，核实，查明 I think the door’s locked．but I’d better go and make sure(of it／that it is)．我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查实一下。2)设法确保 We have made arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well 为确保参观顺利进行我们已经做了安排。 11．to turn down 1)to turn sb／sth down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝 He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health．他想参军，但因身体欠佳而被断然拒绝。 He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down．他请求简嫁给他，可她拒绝了。2)to turn sth down调节(炉具、收音机等)使热量、音量、温度等降低 Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so．别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。 Turn the taperecorder down--I’m trying to get some sleep．把录音机关小点儿--我想睡一会儿。 12．as soon as一……就……，不迟于 He left as soon as he heard the news．他一听到这消息就走了。 I’ll tell him as soon as possible．我会尽快告诉他的。
Unit 15-A 1．But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are，to identify their real problems，to respond more fully to beauty，to place adequate value on life，and to make their world safer than it now is．但是对于以下问题，人们的疑问还存在着，而且有增无减。这些问题就是：对于人类真正认识自己、辨清自己的问题、增强美的鉴赏力、赋予生命完全的价值以及使世界更加安全等，电脑起了什么样的作用?使它们更难了，还是使它们更容易了? 在这个句子中，the question persists and indeed grows是主句。 whether以后的部分就是question的内容。其中的it指的是后面的五个动词不定式短语。 2．Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined．如果对事实材料不加整理研究，它们就会引起麻烦。 if后面省略了they are。 3．A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose the wonders of the creative imagination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology．为达到真正目的，可以解开创造性的想像力的羁绊，使其神奇作用应用于电子技术的各种难题。本句的结构可做如下分析：主句为A genuine purpose may be served，后面是by引导的介词短语做方式状语。在这个状语中，turn loose后面是一个宾语加宾语补足语。宾语就是the wonders of the creative imagination，补足语就是on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology。而在这个补足语中，being put to electronic technology做problem的定语。
三、重点难点句子详解（完整版 共2.4页） Unit 1-A 1．A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available．决策就是从可选的行动方案中做出选择。本句中“course of action”是固定搭配，意为“行动步骤；办事程序；做事方案”。that从句为定语从句，修饰courses，介词短语among…available作from的宾语，另如：They were mostly elected from among the workers．他们大多数是从工人中选出来的。He took his watch from under the pillow．他从枕头下把表拿了出来。We didn’t meet until after the show．我们直到演出后才见面。 2．…some suggest that the management process is decision making．……有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。当suggest意为“建议”时，后面从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气，即 “(should)+动词原形”形式，而当suggest表达“认为；提出；暗示” 时，则不用虚拟语气。例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time．人们建议会议改期进行。She smiled，but her eyes suggested that she was not happy at all．她笑了笑，但眼神却显示出她并不幸福。Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job?你是说我老得干不了这份工作? 3.…decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them．……决策既包括识别选项又包括缩小选项范围。在A as well as B结构中，语义侧重点通常在A项，一般可理解为“不仅B，而且A”或“既B又A”。例如：There are advantages as well as disadvantages of friction．摩擦力既有消极作用，也有积极作用。
Unit 1-B 1．In fact．I did have several questions，but you have already answered them all．我刚才确实有些问题，但您已经全部解答过了。助动词do在肯定句中用在动词之前可以表示强调，其形式只有现在时 (do，does)和过去时(did)，这种用法叫做强调肯定式。例如：I do think you are a good cook．我确实认为你是个好厨师。So you did come after all．你毕竟还是来了。用在祈使句中，能使清求更加客气而友好，或者更具有鼓励作用一例如：Do have another cup of tea，please．请再喝杯茶吧! 但是，在表示制止意义的祁使句中，助动词又可以表示说话人不耐烦的情绪。例如：Do stop talking!别说话啦！ 2.…but do not let it worry you too much．……但不要为这种场面而忐忑不安。动词let，make，have，hear，see，observe等之后的宾语补足语为不定式结构时，省略to，又如：Let me go，will you? 让我走，好不好? 3．There is little likelihood that… ……的可能性微乎其微；几乎不可能…… 其他类似的表达方法还有：There is little likelihood of…几乎没有……的可能性。There is a likelihood that／of…有……的可能性。There is every likelihood that／of…完全有……的可能性。There is no likelihood that／of…绝无……的可能性。There is a strong likelihood that／of………的可能性很大。
五、课后答案（完整版 共4.4页） Unit 1-A Exercises for the Text Ⅰ．阅读理解 1．d．all of the above． 2．C．decision making also means risk taking 3．C．Alternatives，choice，decision 4．a．is good for a large organization 5．d．personal beliefs Ⅱ．从课文中找出下列词语的同义词 1．alternative 2。fundamental 3．accompany 4．implement 5．precedent 6．attain 7．objectives 8．vary 9．multiple l0．isolate Ⅲ．词义搭配 1．C．make decisions 2．d．design programs 3．i．solve problems 4．j．survive accidents 5．g．seize opportunities 6．e．pursue studies 7．h．attain goals 8．a．earn money 9．f．consume time l0．b．pay debts Ⅳ．完形填空 One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinnerguests，our five-year--old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert(甜食)．Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen andplaced the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next tome．Debbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as Ipassed it to another guest．“You might as well keep it，”my daughtersaid．They’re all the same size． Ⅴ．汉译英 1．Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be． 2．Some people suggest that everything a manager does involves decisions． 3．If there is no right choice．there is no right decision to be made． 4．Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms． 5．A decision maker is usually the key to business development of a company。
Vocabulary Exercises Ⅰ．用所绐单词的适当形式填空 1．a．be organized b．organizational C．organization 2．a．simple b．simplified C．simply d．simplification 3．a．profit b．profitable c．profitability 4．a．intention b．intended c．unintended Ⅱ．用下列单词的适当形式填空 1．precedent 2．skilled 3．achievement 4．implement 5．optimal 6．goal 7．accomplish 8．accompanies 9．tendency l0．ongoing Ⅲ．汉译英 1．He was accompanied to the concert by his friends． 2．He has argued her out of her decision． 3．His success was due in part to luck． 4．In accordance with his suggestion．the procedure has been remarkably simplified． 5．The broadcast station predicted that it would be colder tomorrow． 6．Movement is defined as a change in position or place．
Unit 1-B
Exercises for the Text Ⅰ．根据课文判断正误 1．T 2．T 3．F 4．F 5．F 6．F 7．F 8．F 9．F l0．T Ⅱ．根据课文填入所缺内容 1．preparation，confidence 2．idea 3．unattractive indifference 4．hardworking，personality，interest 5．speechless 6．holidays，pay 7．clean，neat，conservative 8．the floor beside your chair 9．politely，naturally 10．Would you mind rephrasing the question，please
Vocabulary Exercises 从课文B中找出与下列各句中划线部分意义最相近的词语 1．at a disadvantage 2．conservative 3．indifference 4．make sure 5．vague 6．clutched 7．turned down 8．to your advantage 9．clean and neat l0．prospects 11．take the trouble to 12．place
Grammar Exercises Ⅰ．指出下列句中as的词性及语法功能，并把句子译成汉语1．as作连词，引导让步状语从句。 约翰虽然努力了，但还是一个词也想不起来。2．as作连词，引导比较状语从句。 哈利和他几个弟兄一样，长得异乎寻常地高。3．as作连词，引导比较状语从旬。 这儿有块儿大石头没人能搬起来。4．as作关系代词，引导限定性定语从句。 他们和我持同样的观点。5．as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 外语无用论是错误的，过去相当一部分人就持此观点。6．as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 如前所述，语法不是一套一成不变的规则。7．as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 海伦精神有点失常，她的同学都看得出来。8．as作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句。 以后你就会发现，所有的事情现在都已安排妥当。9．第一个as作副词，表示程度；第二个as作连词，表示比较。 她和妹妹舞跳得一样好。10．第一个as作副词，表示程度；第二个as作连词，表示比较。 他们爱他，她也同样爱他。11．as作连词，引导比较状语从句。 他还没有她年龄大。12．as作介词，构成介词短语作状语。 他小时候就参了军。13．习语as long as引导时间状语从句。 既然你在这里，我们何不讨论一下我们的计划呢?t4．as作连词，引导方式状语从句。 他根据自己的理解撰写关于中国的文章。15．习语as if引导方式状语从句。 他总是努力工作，好像从不知疲倦似的。16．as作连词，引导方式状语从句。 你怎么对待我，我就怎么对待你。17．as作副词，构成状语成分。 他是部门领导，也确实得签这份文件。18．as作介词，构成介词短语作定语。 你要对整个工作负责。19．as作介词，构成介词短语作宾语补足语。 他们认为他是一个了不起的人。20．as作介词，构成介词短语作宾语补足语。 这怎么能说成是缺乏经验呢? Ⅱ．把as插入下列各句。注意正确使用大小写1．Can you throw a stone as far as the tree?2．As regards that matter．I have no objection．3．As to his mother．I know nothing about her．4．As for you，I will never want to see you again．5．She does not own him as her own husband．6．He is a guest，and we should receive him as such．7．I．as well as you．don’t lie．8．As is the teacher．So is the pupil．9．Badly wounded as he was，he never lost hope．10．Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong．11．As he was ill．I went there alone．12．He reached out his hand as though he were trying to catch something．13．You had better manage the business as before．14．We must study as long as we are alive．15．He has put his energy into literature -- the same as his sisters have put theirs into music．16．They don’t love him So much as she．17．He spoke so loudly as to be heard by all in the classroom．18．As is often the case．the girl forgot to bring her dictionary．19．They are doing the same work as I did last year．20．We have never doubted the honesty of so good a man as you are． Ⅲ．用as把下列句子译成英语1．I have the same opinion as he．2．He was ill as other passengers．3．As was reported．the man was knocked over by a car．4．He is not so foolish as to fail to understand that．5．He is not as strong as John．6．Spell the word as in American English．7．As I was speaking，I saw a dog lying on the lawn．8．Hard as he worked，he was．not good at mathematics.9．As is the father，so is the son．10．He works as a teacher of English in a high school．
六、单元测试题（完整版 共10.6页，18套） Unit 1 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 1．Franklin’s ability to learn from observations and experience ____ greatly to his success in public life．A．owed B．contributed C．related D．attached 2．She did not go there with them，as she felt she was ____ ．A．by the way B．in no way C．in the way D．in a way 3．His words and expression suggested that he ____ satisfied with the answer．A．was B．should C．be D．is 4．The handwriting is difficult to ____ ．A．read B．be read C．reading D．being reading 5．The importance of multiple objectives is also based． ____ ，on the values of the decision maker．A．in ahead B．in hand C．in part D．on the part 6．They wrote a letter of thanks to ____ had helped them．A．who B．whom C．whomever D．whoever 7．Tom’s fluent English gives him an advantage ____ other boys for the job．A．above B．with C．than D over 8．He tried to join the army but was ____ because of his poor health．A．turned over B．turned on C．turned down D．turned back 9．We made plans for a visit but ____ difficulties with the car prevented it．A．subordinate B．subsequent C．afterward D．consequent 10．He has no word to say this matter．A．as for B．as to C．as since D．as far as Ⅱ．Word Spelling 将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及用短线表示的其余字母数均已给出。 1．完成，实现 v. a ____ 2．后果，结果 n. c ____ 3．目标，目的 n．o ____ 4．定义，解释 n．d ____ 5．现象 n. P ____ 6．伴随，陪同 v. a ____ 7．识别 v． i ____ 8．趋势 n. t ____ 9．社区；共同体 n． c ____ 10．保守的；保存的 adj. e ____ 11．预言；预示 v. P ____ 12．计划；方案 n． s ____ 13．熟练的；有技能的 adj. s ____ 14．达到；完成 v. a ____ 15．当前的 adj. c ____ 16．面试；面谈 n． i ____ 17．展望，景象 n．P ____ 18．个性；人格 n．P ____ 19．澄清；阐明 n． e ____ 20．批评；评论 n． c ____ Ⅲ．Word Form 将括号中的各词变为适当形式填入空白。 1．If he should fail，we ____ (courage)him to try again． 2．She stood up ____ (see)better． 3．He spent a ____ (profit)afternoon in the library． 4．For the sake of ____ (simple)。the tax form is divided into three sections． 5．Her ____ (cold)of manner and apparent aloofness distressed him greatly． 6．When Bob’s father died。he、received many people’s help and ____ (sympathetic)． 7．These people remain ____ (isolate)from the outside society even nowadays． 8．As the wages were low，there were few ____ (apply)for this position． 9．We ____ (object)to accepting his advice． 10．They filed downstairs with the job ____ (accomplish)． Ⅳ．Cloze Test 卞面短文有10个空白。每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。Your purpose，as a student，should be to master all your subjects．To do 1 is necessary to work steadily throughout the year，not just in the last few weeks before your examinations．Keep up--to--date with course work．week 2 week．so that you have time to think about each subject，to undertake background reading，and to learn as you go along. If your days and weeks are 3 organized，you should be up--to date with your studies at the end of each week and．therefore．at the end of each 4 ．You can then use each vacation，depending upon its 5 ， as an opportunity for a short break from your studies--for a few days in a short vacation or for two or three weeks in a long vacation．But remember that college vacations are not intended to be holidays． 6 should they be devoted entirely to paid employment．Most full--time students spend a little more than half of each year at college．In vacations，therefore，allocate many hours to active study to keep each subject 7 in your mind and to build upon the foundations laid at college．Do not waste time．Without planning at the start of each vacation，and 8 self-discipline every day，you may find that the time slips away and you achieve little or 9 ．You can easily lose an hour by getting up late，then lose another reading a newspaper or magazine after breakfast，and so on．Instead， 10 positive：regard each vacation as an opportunity for revision，consolidation，and background reading，as well as for recreation，so that you comer to feel that you know your subjects and are well prepared for the next term’s work． 1．A．this B．it C．this it D．it this 2．A．by B．after C．for D．and 3．A．full B．well C．high D．such 4．A．term B．day C．course D．subject 5．A．period B．1ength C．shape D．value 6．A．No B．Not C．None D．Nor 7．A．1ive B．1ived C．alive D．Nor 8．A．exceeding B．executing C．exercising D．exciting 9．A．anything B．everything C．something D．nothing 10．A．be B．being C．been D．to be Ⅴ．Reading Comprehension 阅读下面短文。从短文的问题后所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。If a business is to be started．funds must first be obtained from some source．The money may come from the would--be businessman’s personal savings or it may be borrowed from a bank．Whatever the source，the money has to be obtained and，when it has obtained，it must be properly handled．When a business has been formed，a number of important decisions will have to be made，such as what premises are to be used and，for a manufacturing concern，what plant and machinery will be needed．Then a supplier has to be found，from whom the materials needed for manufacturing the product-the raw materials-will be obtained，and the terms of credit will have to be agreed．Then there are a number of other decisions to be made，such as how many people are to be employed and what equipment they will need，how many telephones are to be installed，etc. And all of these will require financing．Once these decisions have been made，it will be necessary to implement them and start the manufacturing process as soon as possible．Until the business has a product for which there is a demand，and has succeeded in selling that product，there will be a continuous drain from the pool of money．If the business finances are not properly managed，it may well disappear altogether．The successful integration of people and materials requires good management．and the more effectively this is done，the better for the business． 1．In the author’s opinion，what is the first thing you need if you want to start up a new business? A．A manager．B．Money．C．A supplier．D．A market． 2．A would-be businessman is one who ____ ．A．used to be a businessman B．is engaged in business C．intends to do business as his career D．has saved a large amount of money for business 3．Mentioned in the second paragraph are ____ examples of decisions to be made when a business has been formed．A．four B．five C．six D．seven 4．Why is it good to start production as soon as possible? A．In order to begin earning money．B．To meet the demand of the customers．C．To supply the market with the products．D．To have a continuous drain from the pool of money． 5．The best title for the passage would be ____ ．A．How to Make Money B．HOW to Make a Decision C．How to Start Up a Business D．A Guide to Good Management Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 将下面的句子译成英语。 1．这种事情因人而异。 2．对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等因素的制约。 3．我们想知道是谁把人定义为理性动物的。 4．从系统的观点看，问题的产生有很多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果。 5．他们充分利用了旅馆的设备。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 将下面短文译成汉语。Decision making is choosing．But decision making requires you to think about what you are doing．Decision making involves choosing from a number of alternatives what will be best for you．Decision making is knowing when you need to make a choice．Some choices are made frequently，and how they turn out does not make much difference．Other choices can have very important results．How they turn out can make a difference now and sometimes can even change the future．For this kind of serious decision making，you will want to be as informed as possible．You will want to be sure enough of your choice so that you will know what the consequences are likely to be for yourself arid for others involved．Decisions are not made in a vacuum．They are made within a frame． work of values，goals，standards，resources，and priorities．Values give meaning to your decisions．Goals give them direction．Standards offer you a basis for comparison and a guide for adjusting values and goals．Resources make it possible to reach goals．Priorities enable you to rank values，goals，standards，and resources in their order of importance to you．Together they form your framework for decision making．
参考答案 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．D 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．B Ⅱ．Word Spelling 1．accomplish 2．consequence 3．objective 4．definition 5．phenomenon 6．accompany 7．identify 8．tendency 9．community 10．conservative 11．predict l2．scheme 13．skilled l4．attain l5．current 16．interview l7．prospect l8．personality 19．clarification 20．criticism Ⅲ．Word Form 1．would encourage 2．to be seen 3． profitable 4．simplicity 5．coldness 6．sympathies 7．isolated 8．applicants 9．object 10．accomplished Ⅳ．Cloze Test 1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A 5．B 6．D 7．C 8．C 9．D 10．A V．Reading Comprehension 1．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．C Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 1．This sort of thing varies from person to person． 2．For managers，every decision has constrains based on policies， procedures，laws，precedents，and the like． 3．We wonder who defined man as a rational animal． 4．From a system’s point of view，problems have multiple causes and unintended consequences． 5．They took full advantage of the hotel’s facilities． Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 决策即选择，但决策要求考虑人们的所作所为。决策是从若干可选项中选择最佳方案。决策要了解何时需要选择。有些选择经常发生，最后结果如何，无关紧要。但有些选择的结果非常重要，可能影响到现在，甚至会改变未来。对于后果严重的决策，要尽可能有清楚的了解。对自己的选择要有充分把握，使其后果有利于自己和有关的他人。决策不是凭空做出的，它有一定的框架，其中包括价值观、目标、标准、资源和选择的优先次序等。价值观赋于决策以意义，目标决定决策的方向。标准是比较决策优劣的依据，对调整价值观和目标起导向作用。资源使目标实现成为可能。优先次序使价值观、目标、标准和资源能按其重要性进行排序。所有这些因素综合起来形成决策的框架。
Unit 15 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 从下列各旬四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。 1．The computer ____ down the fences around the practical intelligence．A．turns B．pulls C．throws D．gets 2．There may be a tendency to mistake data ____ wisdom．A．with B．for C．to D．into 3．Easy and convenient acres to facts can produce unlimited good only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out ____ they mean，and ____ would lead．A．what，which B．that，where C．what，where D．which，where 4．If we begin ____ certainties we shall end ____ doubts．A．from，in B．with，with C．in，in D．with，in 5．The poet reminds men ____ their uniqueness．A．with B．of C．up D．for 6．There will be efforts to bring women into fields such as engineering that have traditionally been ____ “male”．A．classified B．considered C．fixed D．set 7．Instead，the battle cry for ____ will be the demand for performance and accountability．A．the’90s B．the 90s C．the 90’s D．the 90s’ 8．For 30 years，employers have been hiring graduates for their de． grees ____ their abilities．A．more than B．other than C．different than D．rather than 9． ____ English，he has to study Japanese as a foreign language．A．except B．beside C．in addition to D．rather than 10． ____ a few babies learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three．A．All but B．Nothing but C．None but D．All of Ⅱ．Word Spelling 将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及用短线表示的其余字母数均已给出。 1．单独地 ad． s ____ 2．跳跃 v． l ____ 3．坚持，固执 v．P ____ 4．丰富 n．P ____ 5．生命的 a． v ____ 6．逻辑学 n． l ____ 7．估价，评价 v． e ____ 8．生的，未加工的 a． r ____ 9．最后的 a． u ____ 10．遮掩 v． o ____ 11．过度的，过分的 a． u ____ 12．具体的 a． c ____ 13．征服 v． c ____ 14．贫瘠的，无菌的 a． s ____ 15．证据 n．P ____ 16．具有，拥有 v．P ____ 17．缺乏的，稀有的 a． s ____ 18．促进，提升 n．P ____ 19．毕业文凭 n．d ____ 20．使结合 v． i ____ Ⅲ．Word Form 将括号中的各词变为适当形式填入空白。 1．Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends ____ (involve)in vital research． 2．Facts are terrible things if ____ (1eave)spreading and unexamined． 3．The computer knows how ____ (conquer)error． 4．Men were challenged by error and would not stop ____ (think)and exploring until they found better approaches． 5．The ____ (special)expresses only the particular． 6．The poet can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its ____ (sensitive)． 7．Competition and ____ (choose)are already beginning to infiltrate the school system． 8．The examinations would test the knowledge and abilities of graduates ____ (apply)for jobs． 9．The greatest challenge to education is likely ____ (come)from our new opportunities for diversity． 10．The ____ (continue)professional education of highly schooled adults may be the fastest growing industry． Ⅳ．Cloze Test 下面短文有10个空白。每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。Early childhood education is a fairly new field，although it has old roots．For a long time，people believed that 1 important happened in a child’s early years and that young children were not ready to learn 2 they entered formal schooling at the age of six．It was accepted that all children needed before they were of school age Was a home 3 their physical needs were met．Even after Freud revealed that important emotional development occurs in the early years，society 4 in the idea that anyone who worked with children under six was “only babysitting”， a 5 that you occasionally still hear today．Recent research on the importance of the early years has shown that early experience has a great impact 6 all areas of a child’s development and has suggested that the child’s 7 teacher is an extremely important person in the child’s life． 8 ，there is a gap between research and practice．Programs for children under five are still privately 9 for the most part．A few states provide some preschool programs， but federal support for early childhood education is largely 10 to programs for low--income families and even these programs have been subject to federal budget cuts． 1．A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything 2．A．since B．until C．because D．once 3．A．that B．which C．when D．in which 4．A．neglected B．suspected C．insisted D．Persisted 5．A．proverb B．statement C．phrase D．complaint 6．A．on B．of C．for D．at 7．A．own B．first C．next D．1ast 8．A．Yes B．No C．So D．Yet 9．A．run B．1eft C．moved D．sent 10．A．1imited B．reduced C．added D．united Ⅴ．Reading Comprehension 阅读下面短文，从短文的问题后所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。What can parents do if their son or daughter is obviously in a poor school but that is all there is available? This is a fairly standard problem，but there is no standard answer to it．The first thing to say is that parents should be very sure of their ground before concluding that all their problems are located in the school．For example，poor marks for a student with good ability do not necessarily denote a poor school．All they really say is that the pupil is not responding to his teachers and that the teachers have said so in the marks they have given him，which is what would be expected in a standard school situation．The trouble may be anywhere--the home，the maturity of the student，his health，his program，or in one or more of the teachers．If it were centered entirely in the school，it might even be hard to detect，for a poor school may give good marks to all students good and bad．But assuming that parents are sure of themselves，the first step is to see what can be done in the school itself．It is rare that a school is all bad，and if some bright spots can be located，then there is the possibility of improvement，particularly if the community will support it．Beyond this community approach，parents themselves might undertake to supply the needed extra instruction．If they can’t do this systematically，they can at least be sure that the student has all the home can provide him in the way of study materials reference works，and books to read，and they can encourage him to teach himself．Still another method would be to take correspondence courses，which in nearly all states are available through one of the state universities or colleges．There are also the courses now being offered on television．Private tutoring is another possibility．In other words，the parents can and must improve the situation，and should not just sit back and moan over the school．The student can still study if he wants to，and the results will show up in his interest and preparation．eyen if they don’t show up in his marks． 1．What is the author’s attitude towards the “poor school” problem? A．Where there are poor students，there may be a poor school．B．There is absolutely no such a concept whatsoever as “poor school”．C．There may be a so．called poor school，but it needs to be justified．D．There are people who are poor but there are no schools which are really poor． 2．What does the word “ground” refer to in this context (see Para． graph 2)? A．The family position．B．The reason for saying something．C．The area for a special purpose．D．The motivation for doing something． 3．Why may a good student get poor marks? A．He is not really a good student．B．It is the parents that are to blame．C．It is on the part of the teacher that accounts for．D．There is not a simple，straightforward answer． 4．If there is some problem about the quality of the school，you may， as the author suggested， ____ ．A．shift your son to a better school B．ask the community for help C．encourage your son to stay home and teach himself D．go to school undertaking the extra instruction 5．In addition to education at school，which of the following ways of extra instruction that seems popular in China but is not mentioned in the passage? A．Courses are offered on television．B．Courses are taught through correspondence．C．Private tutors are employed．D．Children are tutored by their parents． Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 将下面的句子译成英语。 1．人们会把电脑作为智力的替代物，丽不是智力的延伸。 2．人们受到错误的挑战时，不愿停止思考和探索，直到发现好的解决办法。 3．诗人可以帮助我们为潜意识提供材料，加强其敏锐度。 4．现在，许多大的用人单位都要对求职毕业生进行知识和能力两方面的测试。 5．竞争和选择已开始渗透进入学校系统。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 将下面短文译成汉语。What is a good education? Is it one that covers as much as possible of human history and achievements，past and present? Or one that gives graduates the ability to find employment promptly when they leave school? Is it a broad education or a specialized one? Should it provide students with a vast collection of facts，or merely train them to think? Should a future engineer gain only the knowledge that will enable him to do his job properly，or would a richer background improve his professional ability as well as his personal life? The debate goes on and on． with good arguments on both sides．In the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries，the question was not even worth asking．A good education was，of course，a broad one based on the humanities(人文学科)．An educated man knew “something about everything”．He Was familiar with the great deeds and the great ideas of the past。He had read extensively；he Was able to use his own language correctly and often elegantly．He could join in any conversation about plants，planets，painters．or politics．He was at ease in the world，and he knew that his education would open to him any career that he might want to try．Even if he was mostly interested in literature，he had some knowledge of the sciences and the techniques of his time．
参考答案 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 1．B 2．B 3．C 4．D 5．B 6．B 7．A 8．D 9．C 10．A Ⅱ．Word Spelling 1．solely 2．1eap 3．persist 4．profusion 5．vital 6．logic 7．evaluate 8．raw 9．ultimate 10．obscure 11．undue l2．concrete 13．conquer l4．sterile l5．proof 16．Possess l7．scare l8．promotion 19．diploma 20．integrate Ⅲ．Word Form 1．involve 2．1eft 3．to conquer 4．thinking 5．specialist 6．sensitivity 7．choice 8．applying 9．to come 10．continuing Ⅳ．Cloze Test 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．C 6．A 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．A Ⅴ．Reading Comprehension 1．C 2．B 3．D 4．B 5．D Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 1．The computer may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence instead of an extension of it． 2．When men were challenged by error．they would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better solutions． 3．The poet can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity． 4．Now many major employers ale．testing the knowledge and abilities of graduates applying for jobs． 5．Competition and choice are already beginning to infiltrate the school system． Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 什么是良好的教育?是不是一种尽可能包罗我们的历史和今昔成就的教育?或是一种使毕业生在离校后能马上找到职业的教育?那是一种一般的教育还是专门教育?它应该给学生提供大量收集来的事实，还是训练他们思考? 一个未来的工程师是否只应该获得能使他干好本职工作的知识?更广博的知识是否不仅会改善他的个人生活而且也可提高他的业务能力?这个问题至今争论不休，双方都有充分的论据。在l8、19世纪，这个问题甚至不值得一提。良好的教育当然是基于人文学科的一般性教育。一个受过教育的人“凡事都懂一点”。他熟悉古代的伟大业绩和思想，他博览群书，能正确地使用他的语言，而且常常用得很高雅。他能参加任何关于植物、行星、画家或政治的谈话。他日子过得自在舒畅，知道他所受的教育会给自己开辟任何他想从事的事业的道路。他虽然对文学深感兴趣，但也懂得一些科学知识和他那个时代的技术。
单元综合测试题(一)(Units l－5) Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。并写在答题纸的相应括号内。 1．Find out all you can about the job you are applying ____ and the organization you hope to work for．A．for B．to C．by D．with 2．The white rock groups freely took ____ elements from jazz，from American country music，and other sources．A．on B．over C．to D．up 3． ____ average，about ￡5000 a year is spent on each private school pupil，more than twice the amount spent on state school students．A．By B．On C．In D．For 4．At the end of l994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ____ domestic workers from abuse by their employers．A．inspect B．expect C．suspect D．protect 5．Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ____ which matter has fallen and ____ which nothing can escape．A．towards…towards B．through…through C．into…from D．out of…from 6．Often managers must make a best guess ____ what the future will be．A．of B．for C．at D．to 7．If you are not definitely accepted or turned ____ on the spot，ask：“When may I expect to hear the results of this inter view?” A．down B．up C．in D．out 8．And in studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even on electronic band could produce ____ ．A．1ively B．1iving C．1ived D．1ive 9．We can see from his notebooks how he worked over his themes--how he would not let them ____ until they were as perfect as he could make them．A．be B．being C．been D．is 10．The maid was executed after being convicted ____ murder，despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established．A．for B．with C．of D．by Ⅱ．Cloze Test 下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。并写在答题纸的相应括号内。 The Deaf Musician When people treat you with love，kindness，and understanding，you develop good feelings about yourself．You have a 11 serf-image．When people ignore，mistreat，or reject you，you tend to develop bad feelings about yourself．At such times your self-image is negative．No 12 how you feel about yourself，there is another “you”．This is the person you show l3 your public image．People react to what they see－－to your appearance and l4 ．They cannot react to your thoughts and feelings and how you really are inside．There is also a third “you”．You have l5 is called an ideal image．An ideal image is the person you would like to be and would like other people to see．Your self-image，your public image，and your ideal image are pieces of the complex puzzle of personality．An integrated，or l6 ，personality is the result of the long and sometimes painful process of growing up．At different stages of life．people’s identifies change．17 ，you probably now aye putting your identity as a child behind you and developing the identity of a young adult．All your previous identities will l8 to your new sense of serf．You can fit all these pieces into a satisfying whole．To do this inv(fives effort and decision making 19 on thinking and reasoning．Remember，though，that this is not a one-time process．As with your other needs，it is ongoing．Everyone， 20 of age，is continually working toward becoming what her or his idea is of a stable，whole person． 11．A．standard B．positive C．negative D．wrong 12．A．interest B．love C．matter D．problem 13．A．friends B．audiences C．people D．others 14．A．behavior B．thought C．feeling D．understanding 15．A．seen B．one C．other D．what 16．A．all B．whole C．full D．part 17．A．In addition B．In general C．For example D．On the average 18．A．contribute B.introduce C．affect D．influence 19．A．focused B．depended C．acted D．based 20．A．instead B．independent C．regardless D．because Ⅲ．Reading Comprehension 阅读下列短文。并从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，并写在答题纸的相应括号内。 Passage One Hollywood is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles in California．Until 1908 it was no more than a quiet village on the northern side of the city， but in that year William Selig，one of the first people to make films，set up a film--producing workshop in Los Angeles．By l911．David and William Horsely had set up another one in Hollywood，and at about the same time oil was discovered in the neighborhood．Thus Hollywood quickly became a big district given over to the film industry and to oil wells．The early makers of films found Hollywood a good place for their work because of its clear，sunny，rain．free Weather，which allowed pictures to be taken all the year round．Also，it was known that every kind of scene needed for films，whether town，country，sea, desert or snowcapped mountains，could be found within the area of California．Today． when most films can be “shot” under cover by man--made lighting．these advantages are not so important．In spite of a drop in its importance，Hollywood remains a center of film production although now making more films for television than for the cinema． 21．At the beginning of this century．Hollywood A．was famous for its film industry B．became one of the biggest cities in California C．had only a small population D．became a suburb of Los Angeles 22．Films could be taken all the year round in Hollywood because ____ . A．of the fine weather and varied scenery there B．there were snow-capped mountains and the sea C．oil was discovered in California D．it was in the suburbs 23．The main idea of this passage is that A．Hollywood is becoming less advantageous than before B．Hollywood makes more television films than cinema films C．Hollywood is famous for both its oil industry and film industry D．Hollywood has been the most important film production place since early this century Passage Two Football is，I believe，the most popular game in England：one has only to go to one of the important matches to see this．Rich and poor， young and old，one can see them all there，shouting for one side or the other．To a stranger，one of the most surprising things about football in England is the great knowledge of the game which even the smallest boy seems to have．He can tell you the names of the players in most of the important teams．He has pictures of them and knows the results of large numbers of matches．He will tell you who he expects will win such and such a match，and his opinion is usually as good as that of men three or four times his age．Most schools in England take football seriously--much more seriously than nearly all European schools，where lessons are all that are important，and games are left for the children themselves．In England，it is believed that education is not only a matter of filling a boy’s mind with facts in the classroom，education also means the training of characters； and one of the best ways of training character is by means of games，especially team games，where the child has to learn to work with others for his team，instead of working for himself alone．The school therefore plans games and matches for its pupils．Football is a good team game．It is good both for the body and the mind．That is why it is every school’s game in England． 24．At football matches，people often ____ one team or the other by shouting．A．beat C．win over B．laugh at D．support 25．In almost all European countries，lessons are ____ ．A．left for the children themselves B．what the children like the most C．is important as football games D．considered the most important 26．In England，education means ____ ．A．filling the boy’s mind with stories B．more than the teaching of knowledge C．the teaching of knowledge only D．training character by means of football games Passage Three All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements．This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainty．There are still too many things we do not know about the way the universe is put together．But we do knowledge，and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it．Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard(调车场)．All of the switches(转辙器)are set before the train arrives，so that its path is completely determined．Some switches we can see，others we cannot．There is not ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch：we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will．At the unseen switches，however，there is no such certainty．We know the train will take one of the tracks leadingout，but we have no idea which one．The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future，and what happens when we arrive at then determines the entire subsequent course of events．When we think about the future of the universe，we can see out “track” many billions of years into the future，but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider．The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed． 27．What does the author see as the function of the universe’s unseen “switches”? A．They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will use．B．They enable us to alter the course of the universe．C．They give US information about the lunar surface．D．They determine which course the universe will take in the future． 28．In Line 8 of Para．2．the word “track” could best be replaced by which of the following? A．band B．rails C．path D．sequence 29．For whom is the author probably writing this passage? A．Train engineers．B．General audiences．C．Professors of statistics D．Young children． 30．Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage? A．A statement illustrated by an analogy(类比)．B．A hypothesis supported by documentation(引用文献)．C．A comparison of two contrasting theories．D．A critical analysis of a common assumption． Ⅳ．Word Spelling 将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及字母数目均已给出。请将完整的单词写在答题纸上。 31．交响曲 n． s ____ 32．创造性的 a． c ____ 33．音乐家 n． m ____ 34．模仿者 n． i ____ 35．马戏团 n． c ____ 36．发言人 n． s ____ 37．统计学 n． s ____ 38．移民的 a． i ____ 39．任命，委任 v． a ____ 40．安乐死 n． e ____ 41．在全国范围内 ad． n ____ 42．议会，国会 n．P ____ 43．旋转 v． r ____ 44．宇航员 n． a ____ 45．使爆炸 v． e ____ 46．密集度 n．d ____ 47．投机 v． s ____ 48．个性 n．P ____ 49．客观的 a． o ____ 50．伴随 v． a ____ Ⅴ．Word Form 将括号中的各词变为适当的形式填入空白。答案写在答题纸上。 51．What they will do is ____ (make)prisoners more angry， more hostile． 52．Almost everything a manager does ____ (involve)decisions，indeed，some suggest that the management process is decision making． 53．Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while the ____ (simplify)edition is quite easy． 54．Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such ____ (phenomenon)． 55．AU the parties ____ (concern)will turn up at the meeting tomorrow． 56．the committee demands that no members ____ (be)absent． 57．It is very ____ (consider)of you to send me a birthday card． 58．The secretary and headmaster of the school ____ (be) present at the meeting． 59．So if they do complain，they risk ____ (deport)． 60．The more we learn about other people，the ____ (much) we understand their ideas． Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 将下列各句译成英语并将答案写在答题纸上。 61．决策者应该能够对将来做出最好的推测。 62．如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。 63．安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。 64．据估计在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人。 65．现代音乐很注意观众和听众的参与。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 将下列短文译成汉语并将答案写在答题纸上。 Not a Gold Mine Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true re, , cently．A new machine called “The Revealer” has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground．The machine was used in a cave near the sea--shore where--it is said--pirates used to hide gold．The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it．Armed with the new machine，a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure．The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground．Very excited，the party dug a hole two feet deep．They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless． the party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk．In spite of this．many people are confident that “The Revealer” may reveal something of value fairly soon．
参考答案 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure 1．A 2．B 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．C 7．A 8．D 9．A l0．C Ⅱ．Cloze Test 11．B l2．C l3．D l4．A l5．D 16．B l7．C l8．A l9．D 20．C Ⅲ．Reading Comprehension 21．C 22．A 23．C 24．D 25．D 26．B 27．D 28．C 29．B 30．C Ⅳ．Word Spelling 31．symphony 32．creative 33．musician 34．imitator 35．circus 36．spokesman 37．statistics 38．immigrant 39．appoint 40．euthanasia 41．nationwide 42．parliament 43．revolve 44．astronaut 45．explode 46．density 47．speculation 48．personality 49．objective 50．accompany Ⅴ．Word Form 51．make 52．involves 53．simplified 54．phenomena 55．concerned 56．(should)be 57．considerate 58．was 59．being deposed 60．more Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English 61．Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be． 62．Black holes wouldn’t be so intimidating if we understand them 63．Euthanasia can really relieve dying patients from their suffering． 64．There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain． 65．The modern music stresses the audience’s participation in the performance． Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese 并非金矿 近来，找到了失去财宝的梦想几乎成了现实。一台新的名叫“显宝器”的机器已被发明用来探寻埋在地下的黄金。这台机器曾在海岸附近的一个山洞里用过，据说海盗过去常常在那里藏金子，海盗们总是在这个洞里埋金子，而后来又没能拿走。带着这台新机器，一个探索队开进了山洞，希望能找到埋藏的金银财宝。这个队的领队在检查靠近洞口处的土壤时，机器显示出地底下有黄金。他们十分兴奋，挖了一个两英尺深的坑。最后总算找到了一枚小金币，但几乎一文不值。接着他们彻底搜索了这个洞穴，但除了一个空铁皮箱之外，什么都没找到。尽管如此，许多人相信这台“显宝器”可能不久揭示一些有价值的东西。
七、模拟试卷（完整版 共4页，4套） 模拟试卷(一) PART ONE Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure(10 points．1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。 1．It is difficult to the implication between the lines．A ．get to B．get with C．get at D．get down 2．The volleyball match was televised ____ on CCTV．A ．alive B．1ire C．1ive D．1ively 3．The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its ____ considerably．A ．distribution B．contribution C．presc6ption D．circulation 4．The central theatre has a seating ____ of more than 3000 people．A ．capability B．capacity C．ability D．facility 5．The furniture in her bedroom is quite different from in the living room．A ．that B．it C．one D．which 6．Because of the bad weather，me sports meet had to be ____ ．A ．shut down B．done away C．taken off D．called off 7．Jenny complained that the hospital ____ her too much for the treatment．A ．expended B．paid C．cost D．charged 8．Having decided to rent a flat，we ____ contacting housing agencies in the city．A ．set about B．set down C．set out D．set up 9．The book fair has received a positive ____ from readers．A ．result B．response C．settlement D．solution 10．If the operation ____ carefully prepared，it would not have been successful．A ．was not B．has not been C．had not been D．were not Ⅱ．Cloze Test(10 points，1 point each) 下列短文中有十个空白。每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。T he basic principle of radar is illustrated by what happens when one shouts in a cave．The echo of the shouting 11 the walls helps a person determine the size of the cave．With radar，however，the waves are radio waves instead of 12 waves．Radio waves travel 13 the speed of light，about 300000 kilometers in a second．A radar set 14 a short burst of radio waves．Then it receives the echoes 15 when the waves bounce(反射)off objects．By determining the time it 16 for the echoes to return to the radar set．a trained technician 17 determine the distance between the radar set and other objects．T he word “radar”， 18 ，9ets its name from the term “radio detection and ranging．”“Ranging” is the term for detection of the 19 between an object and the tadar set．Besides being of critical importance to pilot．radar is 20 for air traffic control，for tracking ships at sea，and for tracking weather systems and storms． 11．A．through B．for C．on D．against 12．A．sound B．1ight C．heat D．tide 13．A．in B．at C．over D．on 14．A．sends out B．works out C．figures out D．puts out 15．A．producing B．produced C．produce D．produces 16．A．spends B．takes C．kills D．makes 17．A．can B．must C．ought to D．has to 18．A．in case B．in turn C．in short D．in fact 19．A．1ength B．width C．distance D．space 20．A．eventual B．internal C．external D．essential Ⅲ．Reading Comprehension(30 points，2 points for each item) 从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。 Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage． Among the company was a lawyer，a young man of about twentyfive．On being asked his opinion，he said，“Capital punishment and life imprisonment are equally immoral．If I were to make a choice between them，I would rather choose the latter．Anyway，it’s better to live than not to live at all．” A lively discussion followed．A banker，who was then younger and more nervous than the lawyer，suddenly lost his temper and cried out， “It’s a lie．I bet you two millions．You wouldn’t stick in a cell even for five years．” “If you mean it，”replied the young lawyer，“I bet I’ll stay there longer：make it fifteen instead of five．” “Fifteen! Done!” cried the banker．“Gentleman，I bet you two millions．” “Agreed．Two millions for my freedom，”said the lawyer．S o this wild，ridiculous bet came to pass．The banker could not hide his excitement．During supper he said to the lawyer jokingly， “Come to your senses，young man，before it’s too late．Two millions are nothing to me，but you stand to lose three or four of the best years of your life．I say three or four because you’ll never stick it out any longer．Don’t forget that voluntary imprisonment is much harder to put up with than an enforced one．The idea that you have the right to free yourself any moment will poison your life in the cell．I pity you．” And now the banker，pacing from comer to corner，recalled all this and asked himself，“Why did I make this bet? What’s the good7 The lawyer lost fifteen years of his life and I threw away two millions．Will it convince people that capital punishment is worse or better than imprisonment for life? No，no! Rubbish I on my part，it was the caprice(心血来潮 )of a well．fed millionaire：on the lawyer’s part，it’s the pure greed of gold．” 21．The lawyer would choose life imprisonment because ____ ．A ．he was younger than the banker B．capital punishment was immoral C．it was better than capital punishment D．the banker would give him $200000 22．The author considers the bet between the lawyer and the banker ____ . A．interesting B．ridiculous C．capricious D．instructive 23．The word ‘company’ in the first paragraph refers to ____ . A．companions B．bankers C．1awyers D．prisoners 24．The banker was extremely excited because ____ ．A ．he was too rich to care for the money B．he was sure of his winning the bet C．the lawyer would give up in l5 years D．the lawyer would give up before 5 years 25．In the end．the banker considers his bet with the lawyer ____ . A．rational B．reasonable C．beneficial D．unreasonable Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage． Online learning is also called distance education，which helps students who take classes by computer over the Internet to learn certain courses and earn a degree．And it has become more and more popular with both young people and educational institutions．T he School of Continuing and professional Studies of New York University in Manhattan began online classes in l992．Its Virtual School has taught more than l0000 students from across the United States and other countries．Last year．the school launched NYU Online．It offers NYU’s first online programs for a bachelor’s degree．Programs are offered in three areas：leadership and management，information systems management and social sciences．The classes are highly interactive，where students communicate with each other and their teachers．Some classes require students to log in at the same time so they can attend live lectures by a professor．Students can also ask questions and work together on team projects．T he cost to attend NYU Online depends on how many classes a student is to take．It costs as much as fifteen thousand dollars a year．N YU offers no financial aid for international students in this program．If you are interested in the program，you can get more details at the website：www.nyu.edu．M any other schools，too，offer online education．Students should be especially careful of programs that offer a degree in return for little or no work．These are known as diploma mills，and are illegal in the United States．Educational advisers also say that before you enter any program， make sure the work will be recognized in your country．You should also make sure the schools you are considering are officially approved． 26．The third paragraph is mainly about the ____ of the programs of the School．A ．academic goal and system B．Courses and learning mode C．1earning methods and classes D．courses and requirements 27．It can be inferred from the passage that international students in the programs ____ ．A ．get full scholarship B．pay no tuition C．get no financial support D．earn more money 28．Many American schools offer online programs，and international students ____ ．A ．should be careful of being cheated B．are certain to earn a degree C．should know about programming D．are faced with many difficulties 29．The word ‘work’ in the second line of the last paragraph most probably means ____ ．A ．what a student has written at school B．what a student has Learned at school C．what a student has read at school D．what a student has achieved academically 30．The payment for online programs of NYU is based on ____ . A．the number of classes a student attends B．the number of students a professor instructs C．the number of semesters a student spends D．the number of presentations a student makes Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage． An understanding of man’s effect on the balance of nature is crucial (关键的)to being able to find the appropriate remedial action．It is a very common belief that the problems of the population explosion are caused mainly by poor people living in poor countries who do not know enough to limit their reproduction．This is not true．The actual number of people in an area is not as important as the effect they have on nature．Developing countries do have an effect on their environment，but it is the populations of richer countries that have a far greater impact on the earth as a whole．F or example，tropical forests are known to be essential to the balance of nature，yet we are destroying them at a great rate．They are being cleared not to benefit the natives of that country，but to satisfy the needs of rich countries．Central American forests are being destroyed for grassland to make pet food in the United States cheaper；in Papua New Guinea，forests are destroyed to supply cheaper cardboard packaging for Japanese electronic products；in Burma and Thailand，forests have been destroyed to produce more attractive furniture in Singapore and Hong Kong．Therefore，a rich person living thousands of miles away may cause more tropical forest destruction than a poor person living in the forest itself．I n short，it is everybody’s duty to safeguard the future of mankind--not only through population control．but by being more aware of the effect his actions have on nature．Nature is both fragile and powerful．It is very easily destroyed；on the other hand，it can easily destroy its most dangerous enemy-man． 31．According to the first paragraph，people usually believe that ____ . A．poor people in poor countries contribute to the imbalance of nature B．rich people know how to protect the environment by taking actions C．people in poor areas know a lot about the birth control D．rich people in rich countries I lave done a lot to balance nature 32．In the author’s opinion， ____ ．A ．developing countries should be responsible for environmental problems B．overpopulation in the world is created by the developed countries C． rich countries exercise worse influence on environment than poor countries D．all countries should bring the population growth under control 33．The purpose of the second paragraph is mainly to illustrate ____ . A．how the forests in the U．S．are being destroyed B．which countries are the victims of the imbalance of nature C．what Japan has done to develop its own economy D．how South Asian countries make quality furniture 34．Nature is very easily destroyed by ____ ．A ．rich people B．poor people C．natural disasters D．mankind 35．The topic of the passage is that ____ ．A ．the control of population is essential to the development of a nation B．natural resources are important to the economic development of a country C．awareness of the effects of man’s actions is as important as population control D．developed countries should do more to protect natural environment on the earth PART TWO Ⅳ．Word Spelling(10 points，1 point for two items) 将下列汉语单词译成英语。每个单词的词类、首字母及字母数目均已给出。请将完整的单词写在答题纸上。 36．到国外；在国外 ad． a ____ 37．相反的；不利的 a． a ____ 38．帝国 n． e ____ 39．典礼，仪式 n． e ____ 40．环境；境遇 n． c ____ 41．密集度，稠密度 n． d ____ 42．出现，涌现 v． e ____ 43．扩大，放大 n． e ____ 44．特征，特色 n． f ____ 45．杂志 n． m ____ 46．移民，侨民 n． i ____ 47．许可；执照 n． l ____ 48．同时，其间 n． m ____ 49．需要，必需品 n． n ____ 50．服从，听从 v． o ____ 51．四月 a．A ____ 52．根本的，激进的 a． r ____ 53．狡猾的；难处理的 a．t ____ 54．策略，战略 n． s ____ 55．宇宙的，普遍的 a． u ____ Ⅴ．Word Form(10 points，1 point for each item) 将括号中的各词变为适当的形式填入空白。答案写在答题纸上。 56．Small shops offer products that range from inexpensive to expensive， ____ (depend)on the shop． 57．Our training program covers a range of ____ (effect) management techniques． 58．Large sums of money have to ____ (spend)each year on railway construction． 59．He saw a letter lying Off the table ____ (address)to him． 60．It is highly ____ (desire)that the government give the company more financial support． 61．She had an outward ____ (appear)，but deep down she was really worried． 62．There are a ____ (surprise)large number of mistakes in the test paper． 63．Weather ____ (permit)，the football match will be played on Wednesday． 64．He lay perfectly still and ____ (play)dead to escape capture by the enemy． 65．We are supposed ____ (follow)the teachers’ instructions． Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English(15 points，3 points for each item) 将下列各句译成英语并将答案写在答题纸上。 66．当人类对周围的环境开始发问时，科学就诞生了。 67．他尽管病得很重，但还是参加了会议。 68．这项研究结果表明白日梦有助于提高一个人适应新环境的能力。 69．直到这次求职面试失败，他才意识到英语学习的重要性。 70．随着经济发展和社会进步，人们越来越关心生活质量。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese(15 points) 将下列短文译成汉语并将答案写在答题纸上。W hen you turn on the television，put on your shoes or drive to a store，you’re using energy．Energy is one of the most fundamental forces in the world．Animals use energy to walk and run．Trees and plants use energy to grow．People use it to work and play．Energy is everywhere in nature--in the light of the sun，in the wind，in the forest， in water currents and erupting volcanoes．Without energy，there is no life．We use our own energy constantly and we continually make rise of all kinds of energy．Energy can be divided into two different types：stored energy and dynamic energy．Stored energy is called potential energy，and the latter refers to energy in motion．I f von stretch out a rubber band，this produces potential energy．If you let it go，it moves and produces the dynamic energy．
参考答案及评分标准 Ⅰ．Vocabulary and Structure(本大题共l0小题，每小题l分，共10分) 1．C 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．D 7．D 8．A 9．B l0．C Ⅱ．Cloze Test(本大题共l0小题，每小题l分，共10分) 11．D l2．A l3．B l4．A l5．B 16．B l7．A l8．D l9．C 20．D Ⅲ．Reading Comprehension(本大题l5小题。每小题2分，共30分) 21．C 22．B 23．A 24．B 25．D 26．B 27．C 28．A 29．D 30．A 31．A 32．C 33．B 34．D 35．C Ⅳ．Word Spelling(本大题共20小题，每两小题1分，共10分) 36．abroad 37．adverse 38．empire 39．ceremony 40．circumstance 41．density 42．emerge 43．enlarge 44．feature 45．magazine 46．immigrant 47．1icenee(-nse) 48．meantime 49．necessity 50．obey 51．April 52．radical 53．tricky 54．strategy 55．universal 【评分标准】多写、少写或错写一个或一个以上的字母均为错。 Ⅴ．Word Form(本大题共l0小题，每小题l分，共10分) 56．depending 57．effective 58．be spent 59．addressed 60．desirable 61．appearance 62．surprisingly 63．permitting 64．played 65 to follow 【评分标准】语法错误或拼写错误均不给分。 Ⅵ．Translation from Chinese into English{本大题共5小题。每小题 3分，共15分) 66．Science came into being when man began to ask questions about his environment． 67．Despite his serious illness，he came to／attended the meeting．or Although he was seriously ill，he came to／attended the meeting． 68．The study indicates that daydreaming helps(to)improve a person’s ability to adapt(himself)to a new environment． 69．He didn’t realize the importance of English learning until he failed in the job interview． or Not until he failed in the job interview did he realize the importance of English learning． or It was not until he failed in the job interview that he realized the importance of English learning． 70．With(the)economic development and social progress，people are increasingly concerned with the quality of life．【评分标准】 (1)主要语法错误(如动词时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致、否定、疑问以及其他句型错误)或影响基本句意的重要用词错误扣1分。 (2)非基本语法错误(如介词、代词、冠词、大写、标点等错误)以及不影响基本句意的用词错误每两处扣1分。 (3)拼写错误每两处扣l分。拼写错误本大题总扣分不超过3分。 (4)如所用句型与答案不一致，只要语言和意义正确，均应给分。 Ⅶ．Translation from English into Chinese(本大题l5分) 当你打开电视、穿鞋子、或驾车购物，你都在消耗能量。能量是世界上一钟最基本的力。动物行走、奔跑，树木、植物生长，人类工作和消遣，都在消耗能量。能量存在于阳光、风、树林、水流和喷发的火山中，自然界中无处不在。没有能量，就没有生命。我们在不断地消耗自身的能量，也在不断地消耗其他种类的能量。能量有两种不同的类型：储能和动能。储能被称之为潜能，而动能被称之为运动能。如果你把橡皮筋拉长，这就产生了潜能；你一松手，它就会收缩并产生动能。【评分标准】短文英译汉的评分标准按译文质量分为15～13分、l2～10分、9--7分、 6～4分和3～1分五个档次。各档次标准如下： (1)15～13分。全文翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺。 (2)12~10分。全文主要内容翻译正确或基本正确，汉语表达通顺，但有少数语句翻译错误。 (3)9～7分。全文不少于一半的内容基本正确，汉语表达尚通顺，有一些语句翻译错误。 (4)6～4分。少部分内容翻译基本正确，有较多的语句翻译错误。 (5)3～1分。仅译对个别句子。 (6)全文译错或译出零星单词或全文未译，不给分。 (7)缺译的语句按完全译错处理。根据以上评分档次描述，评分可在相应的档次内上下浮动。
